What is H Bridge driver circuit? How to build an H Bridge circuit? H Bridge is a topic of great discussion in Robotics engineering and automation and H bridge motor (driver) controllers are the most common circuit for many robotics hobbyists. Further H Bridge driver circuits are the initial step of getting started with robotics (how to make robots? build a robot, etc). This Transistor H Bridge tutorial is devoted to the theory and practical construction of simple H bridges for controlling DC motors. An H-bridge is a type of driver circuit that you can use to spin a DC motor both clockwise and counterclockwise. H Bridge ICs are also available, L293 dual H Bridge IC is used in many robotic applications.
Hope this animation makes the concept clear. Don't hesitate to comment if you like this.
Circuit diagram
Components required
- Resistors (100Ω x 4, 1kΩ x 2)
- Switches x 2
- Transistors (NPN x 2, PNP x 2)
- Load (DC Motor)
Working of H bridge circuit
- The switching property of NPN and PNP transistors are used in H bridge motor driver circuit. You can refer more on How a transistor acts as a switch?
- From the circuit diagram when SW1 is closed, the 0V appear at the base of Q1 and Q3.
- Then transistor Q3 becomes ON since it is PNP, it needs LOW voltage to turn ON. But transistor Q1 remains OFF, because it is NPN and requires HIGH potential at the base to turn ON.
- SW2 is not closed so that transistor Q2 is ON and transistor Q4 is OFF because HIGH potential appear at the base terminals.
- So a current path exists via Q3-> motor-> Q2 so the motor rotates in a particular direction (say clockwise direction).
- Consider SW2 is closed and SW1 is open, similarly Q4 and Q1 are ON and Q3 and Q2 are OFF.
- Then the current path is reversed, that is Q4-> motor ->Q1, this allows rotating the motor in opposite direction (anti clockwise direction).
- Thus an H bridge driver can effectively control the rotation of motor in both directions.
- If both inputs are simultaneously HIGH or LOW, then the Motor is in Rest.
- Please have a look through the simulation/ animation of H bridge driver circuit.
Table showing the working
Please read: L293 IC based H Bridge DC Motor driver circuit
Inputs
|
Q1
|
Q2
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Q3
|
Q4
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Direction
|
|
0
|
0
|
OFF
|
OFF
|
ON
|
ON
|
Rest
|
0
|
1
|
OFF
|
ON
|
ON
|
OFF
|
Clockwise
|
1
|
0
|
ON
|
OFF
|
OFF
|
ON
|
Anticlockwise
|
1
|
1
|
ON
|
ON
|
OFF
|
OFF
|
Rest
|
Simulation/ Animation of H bridge circuit
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